Cmo tramitar excelente visa TN para mexicanos

Cmo tramitar excelente visa TN para mexicanos La tramitacià ³n de la visa TN para profesionales mexicanos para trabajar en Estados Unidos, al amparo del Tratado de Libre Comercio (NAFTA) es una gran oportunidad para obtener una visa de trabajo. Esta visa TN solo aplica a nacionales mexicanos y canadienses, si bien la tramitacià ³n es ms asequible y fcil para estos à ºltimos. Y eso es asà ­ porque los mexicanos deben seguir ms pasos y su cuota por aplicar por la visa es ms cara que la que deben abonar los canadienses.  ¿Pueden aplicar todos los mexicanos por una visa TN para trabajar en Estados Unidos? La respuesta es un rotundo no.  Esta visa TN es una opcià ³n muy buena pero para calificar para  solicitarla es imprescindible cumplir con los siguientes requisitos: En primer lugar, estar en situacià ³n de acreditar que se es un profesionalista incluido en una de  estas 60 profesiones listadas en el TLC .En otras palabras, si no se trabaja en una de esas actividades, esta visa no es la correcta y si se solicita ser denegada. En segundo lugar, es imprescindible tener una oferta laboral de una empresa de los Estados Unidos. Es decir, primero viene la oferta seria y en firme y luego se solicita la visa la visa TN. Este punto tambià ©n quiere decir que no es posible el auto empleo. Es decir, no se puede solicitar la visa con la intencià ³n de trabajar como freelance en Estados Unidos para una o varias empresas o con la de crear una empresa. Los mexicanos que no cumplen con esos requisitos y que desean trabajar en Estados Unidos deberà ­an informarse si pueden aplicar por otras opciones de visa, como la H-1B para profesionales, la O para personas con habilidades extraordinarias, la L para los casos de transfer entre empresas internacionales, las J-1 de intercambio o las H-2A y H-2B para trabajos temporales agrà ­colas y en otros rubros. Cà ³mo tramitar la visa TN para mexicanos Una vez que se tiene la oferta de trabajo por parte de una empresa en Estados Unidos, el primer paso en completar la forma DS-160 en internet, pagar los aranceles correspondientes,  y solicitar una cita en una oficina consular o en la Embajada para la entrevista.   Para presentarse en la misma hay que llevar, entre otros documentos, la siguiente documentacià ³n: En primer lugar, el pasaporte mexicano vlido por al menos seis meses ms all del fin de la estancia prevista en Estados Unidos. En segundo lugar, la  carta de empleo en la que se detalla que la posicià ³n ofertada necesita ser cubierta por una persona que cumple los requisitos seà ±alados en NAFTA. Adems, deber incluir informacià ³n detallada sobre la actividad profesional a realizar en EEUU, la duracià ³n prevista del contrato, cul serà ­a la compensacià ³n econà ³mica, evidencia de que se cumple con los requisitos fijados por el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, siglas en inglà ©s) y el estado en el que se va a ir a trabajar. La carta no necesita ir acompaà ±ada por prueba de que el solicitante tiene las licencias profesionales necesarias para trabajar en EEUU para ciertos tipos de empleos, ya que tales certificaciones se pueden conseguir a posteriori. Sin embargo, es altamente recomendable que si ya se cuenta con ellas, presentarlas en ese momento. Esta carta es una parte fundamental para que se conceda la visa, por lo que es muy frecuente recurrir a un abogado con conocimientos sobre estas visas para que se ocupe de su redaccià ³n. Finalmente, se debe aportar prueba que demuestre  que se cumplen con los requisitos de estudios o de experiencia laboral que pide NAFTA para este tipo de visas. Este es un requisito importante ya que el oficial consular quiere asegurarse de que los estudios completados en un paà ­s que no es Estados Unidos reà ºnen los requisitos de calidad que se piden para la visa TN, por los que ser necesario validarlos en una agencia reputada. La visa ser denegada si no se cumplen las condiciones que se pide para la visa o si el solicitante es considerado como inelegible para una visa no inmigrante, como es à ©sta, o si es inadmisible para ingresar a los Estados unidos. Familiares del solicitante de una visa TN El cà ³nyuge (marido o mujer) y los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os pueden solicitar una visa derivada para acompaà ±ar al titular de un visado TN a Estados Unidos. No es necesario que los familiares sean de nacionalidad mexicana. Y hay que tener en cuenta que aunque pueden vivir y estudiar en Estados Unidos no estn autorizados para trabajar. Tiempo de duracià ³n de una visa TN para mexicanos En principio las visas son vlidas por un mximo de tres aà ±os, pero esto lo hay que entender.  Es decir, hay que mirar el tiempo mximo que concede el oficial migratorio en el puerto de entrada y seguir cumpliendo todos los requisitos que dieron lugar a que se aprobara la visa. Adems, se puede pedir una extensià ³n de dos formas: que el empleador americano la solicite al USCIS rellenando el formulario I-129   o que el propio titular la solicite en un puerto de entrada cumplimentando esa misma forma y proporcionando la misma documentacià ³n que tuvo que mostrar en el consulado la primera vez que solicità ³ la visa y le fue concedida. En el caso de familiares con visa derivada como es el caso del cà ³nyuge o de los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, la extensià ³n se pide con el formulario I-539 si estn en los Estados Unidos o aplicando de nuevo en un consulado, si estn fuera. Visas TN y enfermeras Estados Unidos tiene un dà ©ficit de profesionales sanitarios y, en particular, de enfermeras. Por ello, son frecuentes los contratos a profesionales extranjeros. De hecho, hay  agencias que se dedican a reclutar enfermeras, muchas de ellas mexicanas a travà ©s de la visa TN.   Lo importante es asegurarse de que se trata de una agencia reputada y evitar ser và ­ctima de un caso de fraude.

The Start of Restricted Gun Rights in the US

The Start of Restricted Gun Rights in the US When Virginia was drafting its state constitution in 1776, American founding father Thomas Jefferson wrote that â€Å"no freeman shall ever be debarred the use of arms.† Yet Jefferson had been dead just 11 years before the first attempt was made to severely restrict gun ownership. It happened in Georgia in 1837, nearly 100 years before the first federal gun control laws would be passed. The Nation’s First Gun Ban Georgia’s state legislature passed a law in 1837 that banned the sale of knives â€Å"used for offensive or defensive purposes† and all pistols except flintlock  Ã¢â‚¬Å"horseman’s pistols.† Possession of those weapons was also prohibited unless the weapons were worn in plain sight. History did not well record the reasoning behind the legislature’s vote. What is known  is that the legislation stood as the law of the land in Georgia for eight years before the state’s supreme court declared it unconstitutional and voided it from the books. Applying Federal Rights to State Law America’s founding fathers made sure to include a right to keep and bear arms in the Bill of Rights. But the right to keep and bear arms wasn’t limited to the Second Amendment; many states incorporated a right to bear arms into their constitutions as well. Georgia was a rare exception. The state’s constitution included no right to bear arms. So when Georgia’s ban on small handguns was finally challenged in the state’s supreme court, in the 1845 case of Nunn v. the State of Georgia, the court found it had no precedent and no state constitutional mandate to apply. So, they looked to the U.S. Constitution and cited the Second Amendment heavily in their decision to strike down the gun ban as unconstitutional. In its decision, the Nunn court held that while the Georgia legislature could ban citizens from carrying concealed weapons, it could not ban openly carried weapons. To do so, stated the court, would violate the Second Amendment right to carry weapons for purposes of self-defense. Specifically the Nunn court wrote, â€Å"We are of the opinion, then, that so far as the act of 1837 seeks to suppress the practice of carrying certain weapons secretly, that it is valid, inasmuch as it does not deprive the citizen of his natural right of self-defence, or of his constitutional right to keep and bear arms. But that so much of it, as contains a prohibition against bearing arms openly, is in conflict with the Constitution, and void; and that, as the defendant has been indicted and convicted for carrying a pistol, without charging that it was done in a concealed manner, under that portion of the statute which entirely forbids its use, the judgment of the court below must be reversed, and the proceeding quashed.† Perhaps even more significant to the current gun control debate, the Nunn court ruled that the Second Amendment guaranteed all people - not just members of the militia - the right to keep and bear arms, and that the type of arms carried was not restricted only to those borne by the militia but arms of any type and description. The court wrote, â€Å"the right of the whole people, old and young, women and boys, and not militia only, to keep and bear arms of every description, and not merely such as are used by the militia, shall not be infringed, curtailed, or broken in on, in the slightest degree; and all this for the important end to be attained: the rearing up and qualifying of a well regulated militia, so vitally necessary to the security of a free state.† The court went on to ask, since when does â€Å"any legislative body in the Union have the right to deny to its citizens the privilege of keeping and bearing arms in defense of themselves and their country.† The Aftermath Georgia finally did amend its constitution to include a right to bear arms in 1877, adopting a version very similar to the Second Amendment. Except for a handful of relatively minor and overturned state laws attempting to ban freed slaves from owning guns, efforts to restrict gun rights were largely over after the Georgia Supreme Court’s 1845 ruling. Not until 1911, when New York City enacted a law requiring gun owners to be licensed, would major laws restricting gun rights resurface in America. Updated by Robert Longley

Health care, psychological and social support for teen parents Coursework

Health care, psychological and social support for teen parents - Coursework Example Because this is a government site, it was important to find out whether it was an accurate site. The homepage was very helpful because it gave contact information for the different programs that pertained to teen parents. They had phone numbers and email directions for each program and you could link directly to their email. The information was informative and gave several resources that teen parents could use in addition to the programs at the County office. As to authority, the website was last updated May 27, 2003 which means that some of it could be outdated now. The site itself has a lot of information that was probably written by people who were involved in the County offices. There were not people who had written articles or any real information that would pertain to anything other than the programs themselves. However it did show that there were a variety of programs available to anyone in California. The information was straight forward and told exactly what parents needed to do to be eligible for programs. The website was originally produced in 1997, but it was "last updated" on December 18, 2003 (eligibility page). Each page had been updated on a different day in 2003. There was a link at the top to all staff with their phone numbers and email addresses; this also included a directory. The website was very easy to get around and it didnt seem to need any specific software. There were no frames so it would be easily read by teen parents with disabilities. If I needed information for a client in California that met the criteria of this site I would definitely send them to it. There were so many programs that I am sure that a client would be able to qualify for something. This site was very different from the other one because it consisted of articles and information for teen parents. This is basically a womens health site that includes many different conditions and teen

Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example Importance of efficient market hypothesis can be identified from empirical implications of it in many pieces of research and studies by empirical researchers. Literature on efficient market hypothesis before LeRoy (1973) and Lucas (1978) was evolved around the random walk hypothesis and magnitude model. These are statistical description of price changes that can be Lo and McKinley (1988) forecasted and initially taken to be implication efficient market hypothesis. The first test of random walk hypothesis was developed by Jones and Cowles (1973), and they compared frequency sequence and reversal in historical return of stocks. They identified same sign of former pairs of consecutive return and the opposite sign of latter pair of consecutive return. Osborne (1959), Fama (1963; 1965), Cootner (1962; 1964), Fama and Blume (1966) conducted tests of random walk hypothesis and supported previous studies of random walk hypothesis using historical stock return. Lo and McKinley (1988) reported that variance of two week stock return is double the variance of one week stock return. They conducted this test on US indexes from 1962 to 1985. French and Roll (1985) identified from their study that variance of stock return over weekends and holidays are much lower than variance of week days, especially first three weekdays of a week. Poterba and Summers (1988) and Fama and French (1988) found out negative correlation in US stocks indexes return from stock return data of 1962 to 1986 actually occurs.... In the process they use different forecasting techniques as well as some valuation methods. The combination of the techniques helps them in their decisions regarding investments. However, the hypothesis states that the techniques are not effective and no one has the capability to predict the outperformance of the market. If the investors enjoy any advantage, it is supposed not to exceed the incurred cost of transaction and research (Timmermann, & Granger, 2003, p.5). Literature review The origin of efficient market hypothesis can be traced back in the studies of two individuals in 1950s. One is Paul A. Samuelson and the other one is Eugene F. Fama. They identified the notion of market efficiency from two different research agendas. Samuelsson’s contribution in the invention of EMH was great, and the researcher summarized that in efficient market, changes in asset (stocks, bonds and other traded instruments) price can be forecasted if these are properly anticipated. This means price should fully incorporate all the information and expectation of all the market participants. In contrast to Samuelsson, Fama concentrated on statistical measures of stock price and resolving the debate regarding technical analysis and fundamental analysis of stock price. This researcher summarized that current price stocks fully reflect all information available to market participants. These two empirical research studies on this critical area of finance have helped many researchers thereafter to develop several econometric single or multifactor linear asset pricing models (Seweel, 2011, p.4). Random walk hypothesis Importance of efficient market hypothesis can be identified from empirical implications of it in many pieces of research and studies by empirical researchers.

Call Now to Buy Your Very Own Sham Essay Example for Free

Call Now to Buy Your Very Own Sham Essay In â€Å"The Hard Sell: Advertising in America†, Bill Bryson gives specific insight on the necessity of being more aware of why you buy what you buy. Bryson argues that the product name must be short, simple and unique. He states, â€Å"First. It is short. Second. It is not capable of mispronunciation. Third. It does not resemble anything in the art†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (425). Another effective advertising strategy that Bryson observes is the â€Å"giveaway†. Bryson states, â€Å"Consumers became acquainted with the irresistibly tempting notion that if they bought a particular product they could expect a reward†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (427). Bryson also asserts the importance of creating in the consumer a feeling of anxiety that makes the consumer feel as if they NEED the product and not just merely WANT it (428-429). Another efficient selling tactic is the use of scientific-sounding terms, according to Bryson, â€Å"There was never slightest hint of what GL-70 was, but it would, according to the advertising, not only rout odor-causing bacteria but ‘wipe out enzymes!’† (434). Bryson is very insightful and emphatic in his arguments about the alluring thought of a reward, the necessity to create an anxiety in the consumer, and the conclusive â€Å"scientific studies†. Take, for example, any product you can find on a late-night television infomercial. One of the most effective advertisements is the commercial for the ShamWow. Like all the products found on the infomercials, the ShamWow â€Å"comes at an UNBEATABLE offer, call now and get not one, but TWO ShamWows for the price of one!† The company does a very effective job at pulling in the viewer with this line, sometimes you can get even more products like books and containers if you call quick enough. The announcer does a great job at creating the anxiety by asking, â€Å"Does your car always have unsightly water spots? Do your friends ask you when the last time you cleaned your car? Fear no more! The ShamWow will WOW your friends and family!† This causes the viewer to become embarras sed if their vehicle has water spots on it, leading them to want to purchase the ShamWow so they can dry their car before the sun bakes on the water spots. Lastly, and most effectively, the company includes an exaggerated quality by stating that the ShamWow â€Å"holds 12x its weight† to get the consumer to think that they do some kind of study. If you pause in your daily life and take a step by and analyze all the commercials and advertisements that you are bombarded with every day, you will begin to notice the advertising schemes employed by the companies. Bryson’s advice still holds its weight in gold, much like the ShamWow does with water, today. Consumers are tricked into think they need products that they have no use for and can get at a cheaper price.

Individual Identity in Philip Roths The Ghost Writer Essay -- Ghost W

Individual Identity in Philip Roth's The Ghost Writer    The idea of self, an individual authentic unique identity, seems to be constantly questioned and challenged in Philip Roth's The Ghost Writer. We are presented with several portraits of artists, writers and would be writers, whose notion of self is in some significant manner tied to their art. Rather than knitting together a unified (rehabilitated?) concept of self, aesthetic creativity, art, complicates and further problematizes the issue of identity. Art simultaneously undermines and underscores insights provided by a supposedly seamless master narrative. The creative impulses and ideas which inspire an artist to create may have little or nothing to do with the meaning or meanings assigned to the art itself by a virtually endless chain of interpreters. Writers are thus distanced from their texts at the same time an audience, a reader, is constructing an identity for him/herself and for the author based on the text.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathan Zuckerman, the narrator, is motivated to become a "great" novelist because in part of his romanticized notions of writing and writers. His identity becomes entangled in the works of E.I. Lonoff. Nathan rejects the pleas of his father to place his identity as a member of a family and as a Jew above his identity as a writer. Evoking Joyce's Stephen Dedalus, Roth's Nathan Dedalus places his identity as an artist above other concerns. He seeks a new intellectual/spiritual father in Lonoff. First from Lonoff's writings and then from the personal encounter with Lonoff himself, Nathan hopes that by emulating Lonoff in all aspects, he will become more like the idealized identity he has created as his goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lonoff... ...sentative of a larger group, concept, or commodity. This fracture first promoted by her writing is a source of both hope and agony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Amy seeks meaning from within her fragmented existence. Where Nathan is brought to the edge of this discovery as the novel progresses, Lonoff retreats from it. Literature is adept at describing and cultivating a fragmented sense of identity; it can motivate others to actions/extremes never sought by the author. Put simply, art encourages interpretation. As writers, each of these three characters is aware of the fact that unity or singularity of interpretation is rarely (if ever) achieved. When also applied to an individual identity such interpretive freedom/ambiguity can be the source of both strength and despair. The notion of self, though perhaps less whole by the end of the novel, still houses a potential for meaning.

Nonverbal Communication Essay

1.1 Identify the reasons people communicate. There are several reasons why people coomunicate in the work setting. * To promote relationships and offer support – Arranging regular contact and building a shared system of support. * To maintain relationships – As the practitioner, it is important to be able to build and maintain a strong bond and trust between yourself and the child and also with the parents/carers. * To exchange information – This could be verbal and non-verbal. Staff can exchange information in the form of ‘handing over’ in settings such as respite care homes. Information can be exchanged by writing in ‘communiction books’. Practitioners and parents/carers also exchange information regularly. * To negotiate and liase with others – Early years managers will often liase with the parents/carers and also other professionals. * To express needs and feelings – Children and young people should feel free to express their needs and feelings to adults. They should feel confident that we will acknowledge them and try our best to m eet their needs. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting. Communictaion is the key to creating a positive working environment. Creating effective relationships in the work setting allows you to support other people in times of need and vice versa. Read more:  Identify the different reasons why people communicate  essay 2.1 Explain how to establish the communication and language needs,wishes and prefernces of individuals. As a practitioner, you havr to accomodate the individual needs,wishes and preferences of the people you encounter. Culture, language, Gender, Religion, disability and environment are all things that could becaome a communication barrier between the practitioner and other people. You need to be able to show empathy and give support at the appropriate time. Take into account the individuals preferences and wishes and meet their needs as much as you can. 2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication. There are many factors to consider when promoting effective face-to-face communication. A busy and noisy environment will deter effective communication, whereas, a quiet place will allow the children and young people to feel more relaxed. Personal space also needs to be valued. Being too close may make the other person feel uncomfortable. 2.3 Explain a range of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs. As mentioned before, communication is not only verbal, it is also non-verbal. Effective communication consists of listening, responding, questioning and understanding at the appropriate times and in the right manner. There are a range of methods we can use to communicate, such as; * Facial expressions and eye contact * Body language * Tone of voice * Turn-taking In order to know and choose which method is most effective, you have to take into account their culture/religious beliefs, for example, as a muslim, eye contact is considered a form of disrespect. 2.4 Explain how to respond to an individual’s reactions when communicating. When communicating there are cues and signals the other person gives to us. We need to learn how to pick up and respond to those signals appropriately. There are a few points that can help, such as: * Maintaining eye contact (if appropriate) considering each culture. * Maintaining an open posture – Try to keep your body and hands neat and relaxed. Nodding occasionally for positive support. * Showing that you are listening – Giving the speaker brieg prompts to continue, such as ‘yes’ or ‘go on’ * Listening with undivided attention – Give the speaker the time to talk. Do not interrupt. Allow them to finish. * Listen to what is not openly said – The soeakers body language may give you a clue to their ‘hidden feelings’. These points allow you to be an ‘active listener’ Active listening is when you are not only focusing on what is being said, but also  the feelings and emotions that are being expressed. 3.1 Explain hwo people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in different ways. People with different cultures and beliefs communicate in different ways. We need to have respect for their views and give them the confidence to express themselves freely and make choices without being judged or scrutinized. A person with confidence issues may struggle to express themselves. They should be encouraged to practice their communication skills with others but in their own pace. A childs family background may affect the way they communicate, as every childs home life is unique. This needs to be taken into consideration. 3.2 Identify barriers to effective communication. There are a variety of barriers to effective communication, such as: * Environment – A noisy setting with lack of privacy, or maybe a building which is not accessible to all, e.g – wheelchair users. * Disabilty and impairment – Children with disabilities and impairments may communicate in different ways. Staff may have to be trained to recognize and familiarize themselves with this kind of communication barrier. * Additional language – Enhlish may not be the mother tongue of every child. Practitioners need to support the child to develop an additional language which may only be applied in the setting. * Blocking the others contribution – During face-to-face communication there are several facial expressions which may block the communication of the other person, such as: yawning, fidgeting, a look of boredom etc. 3.3 Explain ways to overcome barriers to communication. There are a variety of reasons why there may be a communication barrier. The key to overcoming barriers is identifying the particular problem and then you will be better prepared to overcome it. There are several things you can do to help overcome communication barriers. I speak clearly and maintain eye contact depending on religion, as some religions find this offensive. I allow plenty of time for communication it is important to give the other person your undivided attention and make them feel that their contribution is important to you. I put the other person at ease by keeping my body and  hands relaxed and talking to them in a quiet place where we are less likely to be disturbed, if possible. I avoid making assumptions or judgements, I understand that some people have difficulty expressing themselves. I never assume that I know what they are trying to say and always check that I have understood. 3.4 Explain strategies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings. Misunderstandings can cause lack of trust and resentment, both of which lead to flawed relationships. There are two practical techniques for checking understanding: Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing means using your own words plus the important main words of the other person, to check accurate understanding of wht he or she has just said. This allows the practitioner to clarify that he/she has understood what the other person has said, and the other person will have his/her story presented back to them clearly. Reflecting: In this way, the emotional content of the message is explained. This helps the other person to understand and appreciate the effect the problem is having on his/her life. The practitioner will also be reflecting a feeling of empathy. 3.5 Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively. In the setting, there may be people who are unable to communicate as well as others. Practitioners need to know when to call in help from outside professionals. There are a few training courses that practitioners can also take part in that would help, such as: Makaton, PECS, British sign language and signalong. 4.1 Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality. Confidentiality means respecting the privacy of any information about a child and his/her family. Confidentiality is very important when working in a children and young peoples setting. All practitioners need to practice confidentiality and not abuse this trust. 4.2 Explain ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication. In some circumstances, confidentiality may have to be shared with your line manager. If you suspect that there may be a child protection issue, this  will have to be shared with your manager in strict confidence. All parents should be aware of the settings policy and understand that certain things, such as, a childs dietary requirements or allergies will have to be shared with all staff to prevent any mishaps. There may be incidents discussed in work meetings. The children should not be identified and information shared should not be discussed beyond the group. 4.3 Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individuals confidentiality and disclosing concerns.

Panera SWOT Essay

A SWOT Analysis is a â€Å"situational in which internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization, and external opportunities and threats faced by it are closely examined† to provide an adequate strategy (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/SWOT-analysis.html). Panera Bread Company has become one of the leading companies in the quick casual restaurant market. Strengths The Strengths that Panera Bread Company has are the following: a strong presence in its niche segment, a strong relationship with their franchisees, they focus on having a specialty bread and robust financial performance. In 2008, the company operated in 1,252 bakery-cafes in 38 American States and Canada. Panera Bread Company’s success relies on the strategy of quick service and high quality food. According to Wall Street Journal, Panera scored the highest with customer loyalty in their market niche. In 2007, Sandleman & Associates Quick-Track â€Å"Awards of Excellence,† put Panera Bread Company as one of the top chain restaurants for the sixth consecutive year. They have a very strong brand image, which also contributes to their success. Panera Bread Company has a strong relationship with their franchisees. It expects to operate 256 additional franchisees or area developers from their 725 franchise-operated bakery-cafes. Panera primarily operates through franchise agreements throughout the United States and this positive relationship that headquarters has with these companies has led to their success. This aids the growth of the company. The company has a high focus on being a specialty bread store. Panera Bread Company produces Artisan breads. Artisan bread utilizes natural ingredients with skilled attention, which differentiates the company from commercial competition. This helps the company become secure in its segment of the market. Panera Bread Company has had robust financial performance. Its revenues increased by 21.8% from 2007 to 2008. The companies net profit increased by 17.4% from 2007 to 2008. This continued growth provides the company with a positive future. The company also purchased 51% of the outstanding stock of Paradise. Weaknesses Panera Bread Company has highly concentrated geographic operations, meaning the company is confined to operating in North America. This is a problem because if a change in state taxes could bring a risk to the market concentration. It also loses the opportunities that their competitors will have to establish themselves in foreign markets. The company does not operate in the Asia-Pacific region or Europe-Africa, which could be potential areas they could benefit from. Another weakness that Panera Bread Company has is its lack of scale. When compared to its competitors, Panera Bread Company has a lot smaller revenues. Companies such as Starbucks or McDonalds dwarf this company, in yearly revenues. Panera needs to expand to other regions to become a worldwide competitor. Opportunities The three opportunities that Panera Bread Company has are the following: controlling of operating cost, expansion to grow top line and growth demand for organic products. Panera decided to focus its menu primarily with breakfast and lunch. This is why the company removed the Crispani from its product line. The pizza like pastry was intended to attract a late afternoon to early evening consumer, but had little growth. The little growth was believed to be caused by the recession, which made the company have to focus its menu to two meals a day. The expansion of the company has created more geographic presence for top line growth. Panera Bread Company opened its first company in Toronto, Ontario in 2008. In that same year, the company opened 91 new bakeries. This will help give the company a better presence, but another region for expansion would be Europe and Asia. The growing demand for organic products is a huge opportunity for the company. The already natural ingredients in its Arti san bread make this an easy transition for the company. According to article created by Datamonitor titled â€Å"Organic Food in the United States,† the company had a compound annual growth rate of 17.9%. This opportunity would reflect positively on product sales for the company. Threats Panera Bread Company has four major threats to its success. The first threat to the company’s success is the highly competitive restaurant industry. The company has to compete in three different industries. Panera competes in the specialty food, quick service and casual dining retailers. It major  competition is Starbucks, McDonald’s, Einstein Noah Restaurant Group, Potbelly Sandwich Works and Yum! Brands. This competition could impact Panera Bread Company’s market share. The second threat to Panera Bread Company would be a disruption in the company’s supply. The company provides fresh dough to each location by temperature controlled vehicles. If there happens to be poor weather conditions, labor difficulties, technical issues or damage to any vehicles in the fleet, then the company could have shortage problem. Depending on how long there is a problem in the fleet; Panera Bread Company would see a decline in sales from those locations affected. The increasing popularity of vegetarian food is the third threat. â€Å"At an average growth of 9% per year, this market is projected to reach $1,700 million by 2010† ( http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=44704860&site=bsi-live). The increase of a preference of healthy, natural, and fat free food has created a very successful market. If Panera Bread Company does not adhere to this trend in the market, then they could be left behind by its competitors. The increase in the minimum wage is the fourth threat to Panera Bread Company. The steady increase in minimum wage has increased labor costs, which have impacted the company’s profit. Hopefully, the minimum wage remains at $7.25 because this is affecting overall administrative costs for the company.

Marxs theory of alienation Essays

Marxs theory of alienation Essays Marxs theory of alienation Paper Marxs theory of alienation Paper Essay Topic: Sociology The main focal point of Karl Marxs work was the way society works and how the institutions in society work together or rather how they do not. Marxism is based on conflict theories and ideas, Marx looks into many aspects of society and I will be focusing on the aspect that is capitalism and the relation with alienation. He developed this concept from Hegals work which he was much influenced by. Hegal then described the term alienation as we now know it as estrangement referring to the same ideas that Marx had. I will attempt to critically analyse the relation between the two concepts. I will try to analyse how and where alienation derived from and whether it exist (ed) I will first concentrate on the concept of alienation and all the branches within and then capitalist society in Marxs view. I will distinguish how both alienation and capitalism is interconnected and whether it has any relevance to society as we see it today, namely Briton. Marxs main theories derive from a capitalist society he held the belief that capitalism was born through the relations that the bourgeoisie had with their means of production and the relation that labourers have with their products that they made, this capitalist ideology developed from the feudal societies when free labour existed, as in, a labourer was not emotionally forced to work but worked as an exchange of system such as living on the riches land and worked for them in return. Marx proposed a term primitive accumulation which he used to describe official change from the feudal societies to a capitalist one. The development process of this change begins when the owner is interested in surplus value and then oppression occurs, where the worker produces more however the wages remain the same and so the owner only benefits. The surplus value was discovered by the owners of the production, where the upper class decided that a commodity needed to be produced and would cost less, to buy the raw materials and to make as well but could turn a good profit, just like any business. The working class were gathered as if they themselves were a product to purchase, however Marx viewed this as the worker had his labour to give and to earn a wage in return so it was an equal exchange to begin with. The bourgeoisie were in full swing making profit and opposite to this the worker became resentful and tired of his job as it was not leading to a positive outcome. This then developed in to alienation Marxs notion was that waking up and making a piece of furniture was a controlling factor to the labourer, he cannot quit as he does not have a choice but to labour. I will emphasize on this later). As capitalism developed all the aspects of it were interconnected such as the work place, the worker and the owner, these relationships were intertwined as one needed the other, even though we can argue that one group benefits more. Marx believed that capitalism existed and needed to exist in order for society to work, there had to be a hierarchical system, in terms of working for the owners. (Slavery was not involved). But the workers had the power to sell their labour and maybe have a little control of who they worked for, unless choice of workplace was limited and so mentally directed to certain areas of work i. e factory manual jobs or craftsmen. From this alienation emerges, as mentioned above the property owners or bourgeoisie see an opportunity for surplus value, therefore the worker produces more of this product as instructed, and this product is an useful item for consumption by humans in general so this product has a worth value, hence the more produced the better the value. In spite of this the worker has his product that he manufactured both increase in value and produce, this then reduces the labour value, he continues to produce as this entity is earning him a living. The worker then descends to emotional and physical stress as hes unhappy at work as there is no progress and no way of working up in to a position which will earn him a better living or status. There is no incentive to do better to get somewhere, thus the worker stays at the basic level of manufacturing just to get by. He does not have the choice to leave his job as the risks are great. Then this level of feeling and thinking advances to the notion that the product that is being manufactured is determining his well being and choices in life. The worker has no connection with the end product so the worker cannot feel proud of a whole object that he produced but a part of it. This is described as alienation by Marx. Further to this notion Marx points out that this external factor is taking over the worker, leaving the worker helpless and weak ( Morrison. K, 1998) formations of modern thought) So to sum it up the labourer is alienated in his work, which Marx takes it further and suggests that if the worker is alienating himself from the product in his hands, then the whole process or activity of the product becomes alienated to him as well. For example going to work and making a piece of clothing, the clothes is the product which makes the worker feel alienated and is controlling his welfare, so this means that the going into work turns into alienation of activity (Marx, Morrison, pg93). Making the piece of cloth, sewing it and so on is then external and a controller to the worker. So this complete feeling of alienation: the emotional stress and dislike of the job which does not lead him (worker) anywhere such as a promotion or pay rise. One of the common and simple ways to describe alienation is money man creates this object and gives it a name this object called money ends up controlling the same man that produced it and gave it life. We has humans wake up every day for money go to work to make money, go to university to get a good job which gives us good money. This object money controls our future and the way we make it to the future as well, so it becomes external to us. Feuerbach described the alienation of religion, which he received much criticism for, similar to the money example he believed that humans created a faith and all things surrounding this idea he goes on to say that humans put all their energy into creating this great thing called religion and God, but really it turns out that God and religion controls you and creates you not the other way round. So faith tells you how to live eat and dress tells you what to do, the thing that you humans once created. As well as being influenced Feuerbachs writings he also criticised some of his work. Morrison . K 1998) Marx had many aspects of alienation, he talks about alienation from another man/human/worker he explains this: the worker produces to earn money which means the more produced the more wage. Therefore this idea of thinking develops into a competitive activity, the worker wants to do better then his fellow employees which then leads the competitor to be individual and with a feeling of needing to survive; and the other workers are then external to him which in the end means that the worker is alienated from his fellow workers, he is individualised. From alienation of activity Marx proposes the term objectification, referring to self efficacy. The workers being able to actualise their existence in both a negative and positive way. The realisation of alienation also the way they can and should be in terms of being in control and internalising in society and having a meaning to life through goals and ambitions. (Livingstone Benton. 1992) In terms of criticising Marxs work in alienation the main question arises: is his theory relevant to post modern society or just to the 18th century? Well, several people will agree completely with Marx as many are likely to dislike their jobs then not as most of the times it is a means to an end. For example factory work is viewed as a low status job and could be taken on during tough times for a short period as it unskilled manual work. These types of labour are monotonous with no real promotions or opportunities to further ones self in the workplace. These jobs are tiring, boring and holds no future for the workers which makes them dislike work but they cannot quit as they do not have the choice because they need to survive. This type of attitude can be more associated with the lower or underclass people in todays society as they do not already have the money or the freedom of choosing were they work. Similar to the people in Marxs time. Another problem of not being able to work where someone wants to, because of their race, ethnicity and faith which minimises their choices. On the other hand we can argue against the above point because as society has developed more, there is a more interest in the employees and their well being in the work place. People have more choices and opportunities in were to work and also numerous opportunities are available to improve and make a career out of a once part time job. Many employers offer training to become bigger and better. This is compared to 50 or more years ago where a teenage boy did not have a choice of where to work but his fathers farm when he was older because he would have been bound by tradition or lack of choice available to him. Society today cares about the future and the people who are going to be there are invested in such as children, education standards are always revised and improved, there is countless help and advice available to people who go into employment. Society and the government care more then they did when Marx proposed his ideas, alienation is not so relevant because the concept of job satisfaction has been introduced to employers. Companies are always trying to improve the lifestyle at work and take on the workers ideas to continue improving. In addition to this employees have the prospect of going into managerial positions. Productivity is improved through incentives for example meeting set targets gives the worker a bonus so people are more motivated to do better. Most sectors of work recognises individual input in to a project and are rewarded for their work and encouraged to do more good work wherever they may work. In terms of theoretical criticisms, Weber points out that Marx highlights too much on society and how society is illogical and irrational with relevance to class and power. Weber did not completely agree with capitalism, he believed there was little conflict which contributed to the class struggle and class difference, but shared the view that the conflict was due to the owners of production. Weber argues that Marxs ideas are all related he speaks of materialism production and economic gain as one but should be treated as separate feature in his writings. fails to distinguish between what is strictly economic, what is economically determined and what is economically relevant (Gerth Wright Mills from Max Weber -47). Weber suggests that Marx simplifies the conflicts which exist between classes but are more complex in Webers view. Weber moves on to alienation and he implies that the feeling of alienation is one of normalcy and which is or maybe should be common amongst workers in all types of work, the modern soldier is equally separated from the means of violence (Gerth Wright Mills pg 50). Again Weber suggests that Marx makes a point but emphasises on the issue too much as if it were a crisis. In general Weber believed that Marxs work and some features of his work were given too much thought when not necessary. Weber believed more on bureaucracy and how government and law controlled actions and behaviours in society. From a feminist perspective, Marx did not mention women and whether they felt alienated in domestic labour or child rearing, however during his time women were seen as second class citizens in the background. Marx may have felt that the concept of alienation was of much importance because a person and his future was determined by his job. The question of whether alienation exists or is relevant is still debatable and depends on many factors i. e type of job.

Essay Internal Controls in SAP

Essay Internal Controls in SAP Essay: Internal Controls in SAP Credit limit check (static) the credit exposure for the customer may not exceed the set limits for credit. The exposure of Credit is the aggregate value of all the items. Credit limit check (Dynamic) this checks all the value of the document based on the horizon period. To open the order value involves all the undelivered orders. The calculation of the value occurs on the date of shipping, and is kept in a data structure for a specified period of time. To define the credit check, a certain future horizon date is specified: it could be 10 days or two months depending on the specified periods. The credit limit check can be applied at any time within the service to offer information about the customer’s credit status. It can be accessed automatically and manually. The system is designed to check the planned costs without tax. Validity checks are the implementation guide in the individual financial statement data. They are assigned to particular groups. With validity checks, you can check individual statements immediately after input and individual companies can also be checked. The system as an application control detects when something goes wrong. It contains zip codes which it compares to cities and states. It is from this internal control that it obtains the information to detect incorrect entries and this is a validity check. With an active validation check, SAP SNC adapts to the order of work in these cases: when the customer alters the order of purchase to SAP SNC, or the user has saved the work order with altered or current (new) deliveries on the user interface. Batch number invalid- this validation check becomes relevant when the user decides to have the batches tracked and their usage in the work order collaboration. The supplier sends confirmations to SAP SNC through xml messages. You can pay for writing your essay at custom writing service. Just visit our website and fill in the order form!

The legalization of Mariguana use in USA Research Paper

The legalization of Mariguana use in USA - Research Paper Example These countries include Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Chile and Argentina. The reality on the ground is that a good number of states in the US have taken a bold step to legalize this drug. Therefore, a true account is that the process of legalizing marijuana in the US is still going on despite the many controversies surrounding it. The heated debate over legalization of Cannabis sativa has been among the most controversial issues in the US. Studies reveal that as much as it is illegal, marijuana is smoked and used by millions of people in the United States. The well coordinated black market ensures that consumers get access to this valued commodity. It is for this reason that the government’s intervention to stop its production has not been fruitful. Today, there are a total of 16 states in the United States that have legalized the use of medical marijuana. The laws were enacted in different years depending on the state. According to Eidelman and Voth (81) they include: Alas ka (1998), Arizona (2010), California (1996), Colorado (2000), DC (2010), Delaware (2011), Hawaii (2000), Maine (1999), Michigan (2008), Montana (2004), Nevada (2000), New Jersey (2010), New Mexico (2007), Oregon (1998), Rhode Island (2006), Vermont (2004) and Washington (1998). The US drug policy can be traced to the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 whose main aim was to initiate a drug-free environment in the United States. The Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) was the main driving force to the initiative. The act was meant to curb abuse of drugs, trafficking and mostly its consequences. In general, a move to reduce drug abuse was meant to start from preventing the youth from using drugs, reducing the accessibility and availability of these drugs. President Barrack Obama finds the initial ‘war on drugs’ by Richard Nixon to be counterproductive. The proposition 19 on the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act of 2010 sought to allow the collection of marijuana taxes, in addition to regulating the civil and criminal penalties that related to marijuana (Kassirer and Bakalar, 369). The ‘war on drugs’ by Richard Nixon was meant to reduce the consumption of drugs including marijuana. The era saw the introduction of various specialized agencies of law enforcement, techniques and officers. For quite some time, campaigns to reduce the consumption of recreational drugs, has been opposed by critics. They argued that the sentiments raised during the campaigns were inconsiderate, and therefore misleading. However, the war on drugs initiative considered such drugs religiously, medically, politically and socially unfit for recreational use. Different countries around the world have varied legal positions concerning the use of marijuana. Some countries permit, and therefore control amounts of drug use while others totally prohibit it. However, the arguments for and against the issue of legalizing marijuana have since not changed. According to Onstand (19) the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 allowed marijuana vendors to obtain a license for the same. Some antagonists feared that continued use of the drug would result into degeneration of some races for instance the Mexicans who were entering the country to seek for jobs. This was during the period of the Great Depression. Randall and Alice (7) reveal that as much as the law was easily passed, it soon faced great criticism by the American Medical Association (AMA). It followed that